Evolution as an Adaptation Essay Example for Free

Evolution as an Adaptation Essay The Chipping Sparrow is found across most of North America and eats mainly insects an seeds that are found in suburban areas and in farmland in the United States (Chipping Sparrow). Since the early 1990s, the feeding range of the Chipping Sparrow has included farms that grow genetically-modified grains, including the corn and wheat that are part of the Chipping Sparrows traditional diet (Genetically Altered Wheat Promises Higher Yields). Genetically-modified seeds are used to develop crops that are resistant to disease or pests, that use less water, or that are needed for specific requirements such as for pharmaceutical uses. While these crops may be helpful to humans, this change in the food supply could have important implications for the evolution of the Chipping Sparrow and other animals (Chrenkova, Sommer, Ceresnakova, et al, 2002). Although Chipping Sparrows share enough common traits to qualify as a unique species, differences still exist between individual Chipping Sparrows. Some of these differences might include metabolic differences that affect the individual birds digestive process. It is possible that the genetically-modified corn, for example, could be missing an enzyme that is essential to the Chipping Sparrows digestive process. If this happened, then the majority of Chipping Sparrows would not be able to break down the modified corn and would not benefit from eating it. The birds might feel full, but an essential part of their diet would be missing. Unless they could find another source of food, these Chipping Sparrows would eventually die of malnutrition. It is also possible that a small number of Chipping Sparrows could have some genetic metabolic abnormality that made it possible for them to digest the modified corn without this particular missing enzyme. In fact, it is even possible that this genetic abnormality in these sparrows digestive systems had always existed and that earlier generations of Chipping Sparrows who had this trait tended to have shortened life spans. If this had happened, then this digestive trait would have been passed along, but would only be present in a small number of the sparrows who would have been less likely to reproduce. If this was the case, then the change in the food supply could turn what had been a genetic liability into a genetic benefit. The Chipping Sparrows that could digest the modified corn would survive and would pass this trait along to their offspring. Those that did not have the trait would eventually either die or migrate. The fate of the Chipping Sparrows that remained would not be decided by luck, but would be the result of a genetic mutation that proved to be beneficial in their new environment. The change in the environment would effect the Chipping Sparrow population in stages. First, the majority of Chipping Sparrows that were unable to digest the modified corn would either leave or die, resulting in a severe drop in the Chipping Sparrow population. The sparrows that had the gene for the digestive trait would pass it along to their offspring. Even if this was a recessive gene, the odds of it being passed along to future generations would still increase as the number of non-adapted sparrows and their effect on the gene pool diminished. Instead of only one parent carrying the gene, which may have been the case in previous generations, it would become more likely that both parents would carry the gene for this particular trait. To summarize, the original population at time zero would have thrived on naturally produced corn. Individual members of this population, however, may have had what was the equivalent of a food allergy that prevented them from getting the full benefit of this natural food source. The change in the corn would have turned this genetic disorder into a genetic benefit which would have been passed along to future generations. Eventually, the surviving Chipping Sparrows would evolve into a species that thrives on genetically-modified corn and is unable to digest natural, unmodified corn. References Chipping Sparrow. Avianweb. com (2006).Retrieved May 25, 2008, from http://www. avianweb. com/chippingsparrow. html Chrenkova, M. , Sommer, A. , Ceresnakova, Z. , Nitrayova, S. , Prostredna, M. (2002). Nutritional evaluation of genetically modified maize corn performed on rats. Archives of Animal Nutrition,56 (3), p229-236. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Genetically Altered Wheat Promises Higher Yields. New York Times (May 28, 1992). Retrieved May 25, 2008, from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9E0CE4DF1039F93BA15756C0A964958260

Free Essay on Conrads Heart of Darkness - Human or Humane? :: Heart Darkness essays

Heart of Darkness: Human or Humane?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon reading Heart of Darkness we are immediately struck with the issue of the â€Å"nature of man†, and what it means to be human or humane. To be human means to have a mind, to be living, and function as a primate. To be humane on the other hand means to be tender, compassionate, affectionate, kindhearted, and empathetic. It is often assumed that to be human means to be humane, but as Marlow learned on his excursion through the dark jungle of the Congo, one has nothing to do with the other. Marlow’s first taste of man’s true self as he saw it, began when he saw the six man chain gang, as was referred to in the book, six black men chained together obviously being treated as inferiors, almost as slaves. â€Å"I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope;each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking.† (Conrad, pg. 81) Upon seeing this atrocious sight of men being treated as savages, Marlow compares the white men who are leading these chained up men, to devils, by remarking that he had seen devils, but never devils who drove other men like cattle. Men who were no different then themselves, except in the color of their skin. As Marlow continues down the Congo, he begins to reflect upon the river, as the river of truth and reality, because as he transcends down it, his ability to find the truth in any situation grows. With every turn, he learns that mans inhumanity to his own kind is man’s greatest sin. On page 106 Conrad talks about how Marlow felt when he was proceeding towards Kurtz’s station, and he explains that he{Marlow} can feel the past, among the overwhelming realities brought upon by the river, the trees, and the silence. â€Å"There were moments when ones past came back to one, as it will sometimes when you have not a moment to spare to yourself;but it came in the shape of an unrestful and noisy dream,remembered with wonder amongst the overwhelming realities of the strange world of plants,and water, and silence....When you have to attend to things of that sort, to the mere incidents of the surface, the reality- the reality, I tell you-fades.

CIS Review Questions

Describe the functional organizational structure. Why do you think this structure Is so widely used? The organizational structure Is composed of different departments that help operate the business, such as, purchasing, operations, warehouse, sales and marketing, accounting, research and development, finance and accounting, human resource, and information technology. I look at Direct Relief International when they need supplies they use the SAP website to track everything they need. Most of their material is available for anyone to see what they need, where it's going to, and the amount of supplies on hand.Most retail companies use the same process when ordering, or for payroll, they might have a different name for it. To me working in the retail business I think it helps the company out by seeing what the customers are wanting, they can tell if a particular item is not selling base off the cost and other factors. For example Skullcap's CEO (Rick Alden) said he doesn't need an IT dep artment and for their Accounting they utilize what SAP has put In place. 2. What Is the silo effect? Why does It exist? What problems does It create?How can an organization reduce or eliminate the silo effect? The silo effect is when one person completes a specific part of their work and sends it off to someone else who does their particular part. I think the silo effect exists because it coordinates functions and Job duties in deferent functional areas. Most companies using the silo effect tend to lose lots of money and can affect customers If the communication process In not there. For example the Classically company takes employees out to clear their mind and create Ideas.Most companies have people who are stuck In their ways and believe the world Is never changing. I would love to e companies use the functional organizational structure such as every each department has to know what is going on from the lower level to the higher level of staff. Everyone in the department should b e on the same task so that if someone in your department passes alone his or her work to you, if any mistakes are made someone can catch it and send it back to that person, or have the option to correct the error. . What is a business process? Why is adopting a process view of organizations essential to becoming a successful manager? A business process consists of different level of tasks that have to be completed In order for you to receive an outcome, which could be your order. I figured each functional area going through a unique process in order for that order to get the best pharmacist order supplies from Direct Relief International it's a business process that each item goes through in order to have the best outcome.Step one might be the doctor ordering the material, the second step is locating the material in the warehouse, the third level is placing the items where it's going, and the final would be the shipping status of the products. Briefly describe the key business proce sses included in this chapter in terms of . Their key steps. The key process are processes that have an impact on the success of an organization, processes deliver results that are directed towards measurable business goals, and making sure that the organization remains competitive like Global Bike Inc.The procurement process is where the items are being planned you can order your products online or by calling and then making sure that the accounting or finance department has no issues. The production process is simply like the companies stated earlier sometimes they make the products or go and locate the product in the arouses where the items are located to be shipped. The final process is making sure that the customer has a tracking number and making sure that the order has been fulfilled.The lifestyle data management process is when Global Bike Inc. Creates a particular design for a customer and hopefully discontinues it unless someone else has the same idea. The material plannin g process is when statistic data plays a role in the organization finding out what people are looking for an interested in. The inventory process is where the material is stored and ready for shipping. Explain the interrelationships among the key processes included in this 5. Chapter. Why are these interrelationships important?The procurement when Direct Relief International has orders being placed they will go to they will scan and locate the product location. Next they will get a purchase order to accounting so that accounting will send invoices once payment is received. The next step is to the production stage goes to the warehouse and back to the production. Finally, the order is in the fulfillment stage where sales create the order and the warehouse ships the order, and then accounting receives payment from the customer.

The Relationship Between Punishment And Positions Of Power

Positions of Power Rachel A. Wood Columbia Southern University Abstract The proposed research assess if military individuals in a position of power who have committed a sexual assault were held to a lesser standard than individuals who were not in a position of power. In addition, this research examines the perception of the military’s belief that a position has its privileges. This paper defines at least 65 percent of sexual assaults occur at a military location, with 89 percent of women stating the offender was in the military, and 60 percent of service members said the culprit was a higher rank, supervisor, or a unit leader (Morral, Gore, Shell, 2014b, p. 101). Furthermore, this research has shown that more†¦show more content†¦Due to an individual’s position in the military, could that position determine the reason individuals have been able to get away with sexual assault and remain in the military? Does the current issue lie with the military justice system’s view on these types of positions? Could it be an issue with the men in a position of power that make up the top ninety-one percent of the highest-ranking individuals in the military (Chemaly, 2014)? Would this propose the reason why they were able to retire or receive a lesser punishment than those of a lower ranking position? Do the current documented surveys, methods of collecting data and empirical research show the relationship of outcomes consistently mitigated, were of those cases involving high ranking individuals in positions of power? Problem Statement Has the exposure of sexual assault high profile cases involving positions of power who have received a lesser conviction than the military members not in a position of power show the difference that they are not held to the same standard as lower ranking positions? The purpose of this study is to assess the differences in sexual assault outcomes and if they can be explained by the accused’s position of power. In the military, sexual assault cases have happened more often than