Nineteen Things I Hate About You And The Taming Of The Shrew

It is undeniable that that texts are polysemic makings, intertextual reproductions, and that many modern texts borrow from earlier texts. This can distinctly be seen in the comparison of the 1999 teen comedy film â€Å"Ten Things I Hate About You†, directed by Jil Gunger and its relative counterpart, Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"The Taming Of The Shrew†. The comparing and contrast of the two texts has given me a deeper understanding on issues of stereotypical gender roles, notions of love and marriage, and how society’s values and attitudes have changed over time. The film is a modern remaking of Shakespeare’s play, changing many aspects such as context and characterisation to present something its audience can relate to, something that is more†¦show more content†¦and both present very contrasting views about relationships, mirroring society’s views on the topics during the period in which they were made. The setting in â€Å"Ten Thi ngs I Hate About You† is important and is effective in portraying what their intended audience, teenagers are focused on; dating, which is proved when Bianca exasperatedly complains, â€Å"I’m the only girl in school that doesn’t date†. The film shows teenage dating in its truth, something that is more focused on short term attraction and sex rather than long term relationships, an important part in a teenagers life and something many feel pressured to do. The short term attraction side of it is shown through Joey and his friends’ repetitive use of the word and phrase â€Å"virign alert†, when referring to Bianca, connoting to the audience that he only wanted her for sex, as well as when Kat reveals what happened between Joey and her, â€Å"I told him I didn’t want to do it anymore, and he got pissed at dumped me†, further showing the audience that Joey only wanted girls for his sexual pleasure. However, these ideas of relations hips that we are accustomed to, differ very much to ideas of marriage in the â€Å"Taming Of The Shrew† play. The 1500’s play focuses more on marriage, as like teenage dating in this modern era, for the play’s intended audience, it was marriage that the Elizabethan era society was preoccupied on, and was something they felt they â€Å"had to do†. The difference between relationships and marriage is shown

Transcription vs. Translation

Evolution, or the change in species over time, is driven by the process of natural selection. In order for natural selection to work, individuals within a population of a species must have differences within the traits they express. Individuals with the desirable traits and   for their environment will survive long enough to reproduce and pass down the genes that code for those characteristics to their offspring. Individuals that are deemed â€Å"unfit† for their environment will die before they are able to pass down those undesirable genes to the next generation. Over time, only the genes that code for the desirable adaptation will be found in the gene pool. The availability of these traits are dependent upon gene expression. Gene expression is made possible by the proteins that are made by cells during   and translation. Since genes are coded for in the DNA and the DNA is transcribed and translated into proteins, the expression of the genes are controlled by which portions of the DNA get copied and made into the proteins. Transcription The first step of gene expression is called transcription. Transcription is creation of a  messenger RNA molecule that is the complement of a single strand of DNA. Free floating RNA nucleotides get matched up to the DNA following the base pairing rules. In transcription, adenine is paired with uracil in RNA and guanine is paired with cytosine. The RNA polymerase molecule puts the messenger RNA nucleotide sequence in the correct order and binds them together. It is also the enzyme that is responsible for checking for mistakes or mutations in the sequence. Following transcription, the messenger RNA molecule is processed through a process called RNA splicing. Parts of the messenger RNA that do not code for the protein that needs to be expressed are cut out and the pieces are spliced back together. Additional protective caps and tails are added to the messenger RNA at this time as well. Alternative splicing can be done to the RNA to make a single strand of messenger RNA able to produce many different genes. Scientists believe this is how adaptations can occur without mutations happening at the molecular level. Now that the messenger RNA is fully processed, it can leave the nucleus through the nuclear pores within the nuclear envelope and proceed to the cytoplasm where it will meet up with a ribosome and undergo translation. This second part of gene expression is where the actual polypeptide that will eventually become the expressed protein is made. In translation, the messenger RNA gets sandwiched between the large and small subunits of the ribosome. Transfer RNA will bring over the correct amino acid to the ribosome and messenger RNA complex. The transfer RNA recognizes the messenger RNA codon, or three nucleotide sequence, by matching up its own anit-codon complement and binding to the messenger RNA strand. The ribosome moves to allow another transfer RNA to bind and the amino acids from these transfer RNA create a peptide bond between them and severing the bond between the amino acid and the transfer RNA. The ribosome moves again and the now free transfer RNA can go find another amino acid and be reused. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a â€Å"stop† codon and at that point, the polypeptide chain and the messenger RNA are released from the ribosome. The ribosome and messenger RNA can be used again for further translation and the polypeptide chain can go off for some more processing to be made into a protein. The rate at which transcription and translation occur drive evolution, along with the chosen alternative splicing of the messenger RNA. As new genes are expressed and frequently expressed, new proteins are made and new adaptations and traits can be seen in the species. Natural selection then can work on these different variants and the species becomes stronger and survives longer. Translation The second major step in gene expression is called translation. After the messenger RNA makes a complementary strand to a single strand of DNA in transcription, it then gets processed during RNA splicing and is then ready for translation. Since the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, it has to first move out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores and out into the cytoplasm where it will encounter the ribosomes needed for translation. Ribosomes are an organelle within a cell that helps assemble proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA and can either be free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum making it rough endoplasmic reticulum. A ribosome has two subunits - a larger upper subunit and the smaller lower subunit. A strand of messenger RNA is held between the two subunits as it goes through the process of translation. The upper subunit of the ribosome has three binding sites called the â€Å"A†, â€Å"P† and â€Å"E† sites. These sites sit on top of the messenger RNA codon, or a three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid. The amino acids are brought to the ribosome as an attachment to a transfer RNA molecule. The transfer RNA has an anti-codon, or complement of the messenger RNA codon, on one end and an amino acid that the codon specifies on the other end. The transfer RNA fits into the â€Å"A†, â€Å"P† and â€Å"E† sites as the polypeptide chain is built. The first stop for the transfer RNA is a â€Å"A† site. The â€Å"A† stands for aminoacyl-tRNA, or a transfer RNA molecule that has an amino acid attached to it. This is where the anti-codon on the transfer RNA meets up with the codon on the messenger RNA and binds to it. The ribosome then moves down and the transfer RNA is now within the â€Å"P† site of the ribosome. The â€Å"P† in this case stands for peptidyl-tRNA. In the â€Å"P† site, the amino acid from the transfer RNA gets attached via a peptide bond to the growing chain of amino acids making a polypeptide. At this point, the amino acid is no longer attached to the transfer RNA. Once the bonding is complete, the ribosome moves down once again and the transfer RNA is now in the â€Å"E† site, or the â€Å"exit† site and the transfer RNA leaves the ribosome and can find a free floating amino acid and be used again. Once the ribosome reaches the stop codon and the final amino acid has been attached to the long polypeptide chain, the ribosome subunits break apart and the messenger RNA strand is released along with the polypeptide. The messenger RNA may then go through translation again if more than one of the polypeptide chain is needed. The ribosome is also free to be reused. The polypeptide chain can then be put together with other polypeptides to create a fully functioning protein. The rate of translation and the amount of polypeptides created can drive evolution. If a messenger RNA strand is not translated right away, then its protein it codes for will not be expressed and can change the structure or function of an individual. Therefore, if many different proteins are translated and expressed, a species can evolve by expressing new genes that may not have been available in the gene pool before. Similarly, if an is not favorable, it may cause the gene to stop being expressed. This inhibition of the gene may occur by not transcribing the DNA region that codes for the protein, or it could happen by not translating the messenger RNA that was created during transcription.

Finance Systems for Higher Education - 1590 Words

Higher education from United States is the best in the world, since it has a good quality. Tulip said, â€Å"United States colleges and universities offer more choice, their graduates receive greater wage premiums, and they attract more than twice as many foreign students as any other country.† Actually, people can see a large difference in wages between people who go to colleges and people who do not go to colleges. People still go to colleges even if many students need to finance their education. Within a good quality in higher education, then more and more international students are studying in the United States. In order to maintain education quality, finance system is significant. It shows how to balance equity and equality in education.†¦show more content†¦Since public expenditure is huge, colleges will function better within sufficient funds. Increased amount from tuition will help colleges to provide better quality of education. Moreover, the other two are lo cal taxes of $8.9 billion and ARRA funds of $2.8 billion. These two account for 6% and 2% in all financial resources, respectively. As we mentioned earlier, ARRA is organized to provide funds to public schools in a recession time. According to SHEA report, author wrote about that ARRA funds for public colleges and universities can mitigate tuition increases and layoffs. And one thing needs to be mentioned is that â€Å"Very few public institutions have significant non†restricted revenue from gifts and endowments to support instruction.† Public colleges are largely different from private colleges, so they do not receive private endowments from rich people and their alumni. The most important and largest funding is from government. Next, we will explore how government funding should be distributed. First of all, we need to explore how government funding comes from. According to SHEA report, state and local government funding for public colleges and universities comes from the following aspects. These are appropriations from state tax revenue, Non†tax appropriations, mostly from state lotteries, Local appropriations, State†funded endowment earnings, Oil and mineral extraction fees or otherShow MoreRelatedThe Growth Of Self Financing Colleges937 Words   |  4 Pages3.6.1 Unprecedented Growth There has been tremendous growth in private higher education from the beginning of the 1990, this growth has been unprecedented; infact, before 1990 there were very few private institutions. By private institutions not mean the private aided colleges that have been in existence before independence, but private, self-financing colleges, which started emerging during the last quarter of century. 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Compare and Contrast Business Structures for Sole Proprietors

Question: Discuss about theCompare and Contrast Business Structures for Sole Proprietors. Answer: Before starting the business the owners must decide what type of business entity they want to establish. The form of a business entity determines which kind of income tax return the owners want to file[1]. As the business change and grow, sometimes the owners want to move to a different type of business structure. There are mainly four types of business structures, sole proprietorships, partners, limited partners and limited liability partners. A sole proprietorship cannot be defined as a legal entity as it just refers to as the individual who owns the business. The owner of the business is responsible for the debts and this type of business runs under the name of the owner. Sole proprietors register the name of the business to secure a local license[2]. The owners of the business can keep the profit because the persons are personally liable for the business entity. However, a creditor can demand the personal assets and the business assets to satisfy the debts. The sole proprietor owners can own the organisation for any duration and they can sell the business. Sole proprietors can pass the business to their heirs. Sole proprietors should have to comply with the licensing requirements in Canada. To register the business in Canada, business owners need to register with the territories and provinces where they want to do the business. The owners will get a unique federal business number and they will also have a tax account. Partnership business is owned by two or more individuals. Partnership types of businesses are inexpensive and easy types to start. In General partnership business, all the partners need to take the share of profits as well as the losses of the business entity. Moreover, the partners are jointly and personally responsible for the liabilities[3]. In partnership types of business, the financial resources must be combined with the partners of the business. Legal agreements between the partners should be there. The partnership agreement is important as it creates the terms of the partnership that would help the individual partner to solve the disruption in a later stage. In order to register the business in Canada legally, the business must have a name and it determines the availability of business and register for license, taxes and permits. The partners need to open a bank account to release the taxes. In case of the general partnership, each of the partners is personally liable or debt s as torts can result from the partnership operation in business. In general partnership, the partners can be sued for from the performance of the business. A limited partnership in business exists when two or more than two partners can unite to continue a business jointly where partners are liable to the extent the amount of money that the partners invest. Limited partners business does not get dividends; however, they can enjoy access to income and expenses[4]. In a limited partnership, one individual can contribute to business without being associated with the business. In a limited partnership, when two partners go for the legal agreement, they must hire a lawyer in order to draw up the partnership in a better way. For the reason of liability, the owners of the limited partners can set up the business with a corporation like general partners. In limited liability partnership, the partners should have limited liabilities. Limited liability partners show elements of partnerships. The main difference between general partnership and limited liability partnership is that in limited liability partnership (LLP), each of the partners is not liable for another partners negligence and misconduct[5]. However, in Canada, LLP is available in some of the provinces; not the whole sections o Canada. Some of the groups of professionals can enjoy this type of partnership, accountants, lawyers and doctors. For instance, in Ontario, lawyers and chartered accountants can form LLP. This type of partnership needs agreements from specific provincial legislation. LLP gives more liability protection to the partners. Many of the small business owners opt for the sole proprietorship because it is simple, it takes nominal cost and it is easy to set up. In case of the sole proprietorship, the owners can register the business inexpensive way and regulatory burden will be lighter from the side of owners. The sole proprietors can directly control the decision-making and minimum working capital is required to start the business. In Canada, the sole proprietors enjoy some of the tax advantages like sole proprietors can enjoy the small amount loss from personal income and they can also enjoy lower tax bracket. One of the most important factors in a sole proprietorship is that the owners can enjoy the direct profit from the business[6]. On the contrary, sole proprietorship gives unlimited liability and income is taxable in the stage of personal rate. In addition, if the owners become unavailable, the business can get dissolved and it is difficult to create capital on its own. In case of partnership businesses both a limited partnership and limited liability partnership, these businesses provide the advantage of fairly inexpensive and easy to create. In addition, the partners can lessen the start-up cost as the partners can equally share this[7]. In addition, partners can get an equal share in the management, assets and profit. The partners can get tax advantage as it includes the shares of all partners. On the other side, partnerships business does not provide the legal difference between the partners. The partners may get unlimited liability and it can be sometimes getting difficult to find the partners who are suitable for the business. There is a possibility to develop conflict between the partners and the partners are the economically responsible for business decisions like a contract made and broken. In addition, limited liability partnership business, the partners can get tax flexibility. In Canada, the jurisdiction does not make separate entity for LLP for tax purposes at the initial stage. In Canada, members are treated like a traditional partnership. If the LLP is made as a corporation, the members of the business entity may elect to file the tax as a corporation. Limited liability is associated with the less paperwork and LLP provides the member's liability protection[8]. The members of the business are not personally liable for debts and it is a good shield that does not provide in general partnership and sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship and partnerships have some common characteristics, as there is no formal legal need for creating both types of business structures. If the partners or owners of the business want to hire the staffs or charge the GST from the clients, they need to register the business with tax accounts. The business owners in sole proprietorship and partners own the assets and they are considered to be self-employed[9]. On the contrary, in case of sole proprietorship, the owners can enjoy the business as autonomy and they have control over the business, whereas, in partnerships, the partners have responsibilities of daily operation and management. Sole proprietors do finance the business with savings and a bank loan, whereas in partnerships, partners share their resources to start the business. Ali Berry has been running the small bakery successfully by himself and his business is getting busier. Ali Berry can choose Limited Partnership option where Ali Berry is a Canadian resident and he is not required for a person to be a limited partner. In exchange for Limited Partner, limited partners must forfeit some of the managerial powers. There is no minimum contribution needed in a Limited Partnership and some of the Limited Partnership agreements many necessitate the additional capital requirement. Ali Berry can pass through taxation where the loss and profit can attribute directly. Limited Partners structure will provide personal liability protection. Ali Berry can enjoy the organizational and managerial flexibility. The business' interests can readily transferrable and the capital can be created through selling limited partnership interests. In Limited partnership, interests can be transferred and whose structure can provide for the transfer of share. Ali Berry will be benef itted for this as he can own all business assets personally and they can share the operational duty. Limited Partnership business has limited regulation and Ali Berry can maintain separate accounting records for his business as well as separate income tax return file. If Ali Berry wants, he can end the business at any time as Limited Partnership provides this provision and Limited Partnership is less expensive to create than a corporation. Thank you. Reference List "Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Corporation Or Co-Operative? Canada Business Network". 2018. Canada Business Network. https://canadabusiness.ca/starting/before-starting-your-business/corporation-partnership-or-sole-proprietorship/#toc0. 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Ritala, Paavo, Arash Golnam, and Alain Wegmann. "Coopetition-based business models: The case of Amazon. com."Industrial Marketing Management43, no. 2 (2014): 236-249. Schell, James M.Private equity funds: Business structure and operations. Law Journal Press, 2017. Segal, Steven P., and Jae-Sung Choi. "Ownership form and quality of care in sheltered care facilities: Chain-affiliated business vs. sole proprietorship." (2016): 28-37.